Prime Ministers: H. D. Deve Gowda, Inder Kumar Gujral

The Age Of Stars

The gold airlift, liberalisation, and a floating rupee.

Vol. CXXIIIThe edition of 1997 · The Open Economy12 records
Prime Ministers
H. D. Deve Gowda · Inder Kumar Gujral
Presidents
Shankar Dayal Sharma · K. R. Narayanan
Finance Ministers
Palaniappan Chidambaram · Inder Kumar Gujral
RBI Governors
C. Rangarajan · Bimal Jalan

Bank Rate

9%

−3 pts on 1996

Rupee per dollar

₹36.36

+2.4% on 1996

Inflation

7.16%

−1.81 pts on 1996

GDP growth

4.05%

−3.5 pts on 1996

Reserves

$28,385m

+14% on 1996

External debt

$94,059m

+0.1% on 1996

FX (INR/USD) · 2 July 1997

Asian financial crisis (Thai baht float 1997-07-02)

INR ~35.7 → ~39–40 per USD (Aug 1997 → Jan 1998)

RBI package 1998-01-16: Bank Rate 9% → 11%, CRR raised; India insulated by capital controls

ReportedOfficial record. Source: RBI press releases 1998-01-16; RBI Annual Report 1997-98

Markets & Money

3 items

money market / forex · 28 November 1997

RBI's response package to the Asian currency crisis

RBI chronology: fixed-rate repos in G-secs introduced on 1997-11-28 "to give maneuverability in liquidity management; and to bring orderly conditions in money and forex markets"; Capital Index Bonds followed on 1997-12-19. The rupee and Sensex magnitudes for Oct-Dec 1997 were not obtained

VerifiedOfficial record. Source: rbi.org.in

Asian currencies and equities; INR peripheral · 2 July 1997

Thai baht floated, start of the Asian financial crisis

India is generally described as relatively insulated (low short-term external debt, capital controls on debt inflows, a managed float since 1993). No magnitude verified in this session

UnconfirmedOfficial record. Source: Not sourced in this session

Asian markets, INR · 1 October 1997

Asian crisis deepens; Korean and Indonesian collapse, IMF programmes

Rupee came under pressure and drifted weaker through 1997-98 and 1998-99. No verified level in this session

UnconfirmedOfficial record. Source: Not sourced in this session

Trade & Tariffs

5 items

Response package to the Asian currency crisis, 1997-11-28

Set of measures on 28 November 1997 (with fixed-rate repos in G-secs) to bring orderly conditions in the money…

Set of measures on 28 November 1997 (with fixed-rate repos in G-secs) to bring orderly conditions in the money and forex markets

VerifiedOfficial record. Source: rbi.org.in

Foreign Institutional Investors (debt funds) allowed into dated government securities, 1997-07-10

Opening of the government-securities market to FII debt funds

VerifiedOfficial record. Source: rbi.org.in

customs tariff

Union Budget 1997-98 (P. Chidambaram, United Front) continued the 1991–96 tariff reduction and simplification

The exact peak/auxiliary duty rates for 1997-98 were not verified against the budget speech in this session, so the figure is left as ?

UnconfirmedOfficial record. Source: Ministry of Finance, Union Budget 1997-98, budget speech not opened in this session

Capital Index Bonds, 1997-12-19

First inflation-hedged sovereign instrument, linked to the Wholesale Price Index, issued in response to the…

First inflation-hedged sovereign instrument, linked to the Wholesale Price Index, issued in response to the Asian currency crisis

VerifiedOfficial record. Source: rbi.org.in

FERA 1973 still in force; FEMA only in 1999

The restrictive Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 governed the whole of this decade; its replacement by…

The restrictive Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 governed the whole of this decade; its replacement by FEMA was legislated in 1999 and became operative in June 2000, outside the window

VerifiedOfficial record. Source: rbi.org.in

War & Unrest

1 item

East Asia, transmitted to India

Asian financial crisis (currency and capital-account shock; at the decade's edge)

Portfolio outflows, rupee pressure and a tightening package on 1997-11-28 (fixed-rate repos in G-secs to bring orderly conditions in the money and forex markets)

VerifiedOfficial record. Source: rbi.org.in

The Ledger: what was borrowed in 1997

Full ledger →
CreditorInstrumentAmountUS$ mStatusGrade
ECB lenders (aggregate)ECB approvals, FY1997-988,712 USD8,712flowverified
External commercial borrowings (ECB), aggregate approvalsECB approvals and disbursementsOutstanding stock grew through the decadeunknown

Rows are listed as recorded. Some describe the same loan from different sources and must not be added together.

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